Heart-related diseases, or cardiovascular diseases (CVD), refer to a range of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. These diseases are among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. They can involve the heart's structure, function, or blood vessels and may result from factors such as poor lifestyle choices, genetics, infections, and aging.

Diabetic nephropathy develops over time as high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) damage the blood vessels in the kidneys. This condition is characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function, which can eventually lead to kidney failure if not properly managed.

Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a cardiovascular condition that occurs when the force of blood against the walls of the arteries is consistently too high. Over time, this increased pressure can lead to serious health complications, including damage to the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and other organs.